The Great Lakes, a collection of five freshwater bodies located in the eastern part of North America, are a popular destination for swimmers and beachgoers during the warm months of the year. However, for those who are planning to take a dip in the clear waters of one of these lakes, the question that always arises is whether or not they are clean enough to swim in. The truth is, like any large body of water, the Great Lakes have had their fair share of pollution and contamination issues. But is it safe to swim in them now?
There’s no denying that the Great Lakes have come a long way in terms of water quality over the past few decades. In the 1960s and 70s, these freshwater lakes were notoriously filthy, often containing high levels of industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage. However, thanks to proactive measures taken by government agencies, environmental organizations, and concerned citizens, water quality in the Great Lakes has improved significantly. Today, they are generally considered safe to swim in, although conditions and advisories can vary depending on the location and time of year.
If you’re planning a trip to one of the Great Lakes for a swim, it’s important to do your research beforehand. Always check the local environmental agency’s website or app for current water quality reports and advisories. Some areas may have warnings regarding harmful algal blooms, bacterial contamination, or other issues that could pose a health risk. It’s also important to be aware of your own impact on the environment while enjoying the beauty of the Great Lakes. Respect the wildlife and plants that call these waters home, and help keep them clean for future generations to enjoy.
Great Lakes Bacteria Levels
Swimming is a popular activity in the Great Lakes region, with millions of people visiting the beaches each year. However, concerns about the water quality have been raised due to the presence of harmful bacteria.
The bacteria levels in the Great Lakes have been monitored regularly by government agencies to ensure public safety. The most common bacteria found in the Great Lakes are Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococci. These bacteria are indicators of fecal contamination, which can be harmful to swimmers.
To determine the level of bacteria in the water, samples are taken and tested for the presence of these harmful bacteria. The results are then compared to the standards set by the government agencies. If the bacteria levels exceed the standards, the beach is closed to the public until the issue is resolved.
Factors Affecting Bacteria Levels
- Rainfall: Heavy rainfall can cause stormwater runoff, which can carry harmful bacteria into the lake. This can result in high bacteria levels in the water.
- Temperature: Warmer water temperatures can lead to the growth of bacteria, resulting in higher bacteria levels in the lake water.
- Human Activity: Activities like boating and fishing can contribute to the presence of harmful bacteria in the water. Sewage overflows and improper disposal of waste can also increase bacteria levels.
Precautions to Take
To reduce the risk of contracting waterborne illnesses, it is important to take precautions before swimming in the Great Lakes. Here are some tips:
- Check the latest bacteria levels before heading to the beach. This information is usually posted on government agency websites.
- Avoid swimming after heavy rainfall or if there are sewage overflows in the area.
- Don’t swallow the water while swimming.
- Wash your hands with soap and water before eating or touching your face.
Bacteria Levels in Each Lake
Each of the Great Lakes has different bacteria levels, which are influenced by various factors. Here is a table showing the average bacteria levels in each of the lakes:
| Lake | Escherichia coli (E. coli) | Enterococci |
|---|---|---|
| Lake Superior | 8 CFU/100 ml | 22 CFU/100 ml |
| Lake Michigan | 235 CFU/100 ml | 619 CFU/100 ml |
| Lake Huron | 164 CFU/100 ml | 135 CFU/100 ml |
| Lake Erie | 602 CFU/100 ml | 662 CFU/100 ml |
| Lake Ontario | 6 CFU/100 ml | 11 CFU/100 ml |
It is important to note that the bacteria levels can vary depending on the time of year and location of the beach. Always check the latest information before heading to the beach and take precautions to protect yourself from harmful bacteria.
Microplastics in the Great Lakes
Microplastics, defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, have become a major concern in the Great Lakes region as they pose significant environmental and health risks. The sources of these microplastics are varied and include degraded plastic debris, micro-fibers from textiles, and microbeads from personal care products. These tiny plastic particles can be easily ingested by aquatic organisms and can introduce toxic chemicals into the food chain, potentially harming both wildlife and humans who consume them.
- Plastic debris: Large plastic debris, such as discarded fishing nets and plastic bags, can break down into smaller and smaller particles over time due to exposure to the sun and waves. These fragmented plastic pieces, known as secondary microplastics, can be found in high concentrations in the Great Lakes waters.
- Microfibers: Synthetic textiles, such as polyester and nylon, shed tiny microfibers every time they are washed. These fibers can make their way into the Great Lakes through wastewater treatment plants.
- Microbeads: Tiny plastic beads, commonly used in personal care products such as facial scrubs and toothpaste, are easily washed down the drain and can end up in the Great Lakes.
To address the growing concern over microplastic pollution in the Great Lakes, several initiatives have been taken. Canada and the US have banned the use of microbeads in personal care products, and programs have been launched to collect litter from the lakeshores. However, more needs to be done to prevent the entry of microplastics into the Great Lakes and to clean up the microplastic pollution that already exists in the lakes.
A recent study by the US Geological Survey found microplastics in all samples collected from the Great Lakes and its tributaries, with the highest concentrations found in Lake Erie. Moreover, the study found that wastewater treatment plants were a significant source of microplastic pollution in the Great Lakes region.
| Great Lakes | Concentration of microplastics (particles/L) |
|---|---|
| Lake Superior | 1 to 9 |
| Lake Michigan | 10 to 14 |
| Lake Huron | 6 to 8 |
| Lake Erie | 24 to 31 |
| Lake Ontario | 2 to 4 |
The data shows that microplastic pollution is a widespread problem in the Great Lakes and calls for immediate action to address this issue. It is crucial to reduce the usage of plastics and implement better waste management strategies to ensure the long-term health of the Great Lakes and the surrounding ecosystem.
Chemical Pollution in the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are no strangers to pollution, and one of the most significant concerns is chemical pollution. Chemicals, both naturally occurring and human-made, find their way into the water bodies and pose a significant threat to aquatic life and humans who swim in it.
- Industrial chemicals: Industrial activities, such as manufacturing, mining, and processing, are the most significant contributors to chemical pollution. Companies often release waste products containing toxic chemicals into the Great Lakes, which then contaminate the water bodies. Mercury, PCBs, and dioxin are some of the most notorious chemicals found in industrial waste. These chemicals are harmful to aquatic life and humans, and long-term exposure can result in severe health issues, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems.
- Agricultural chemicals: Agricultural runoff is also a significant contributor to chemical pollution in the Great Lakes. Fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides seep into the water bodies, causing algae blooms and eutrophication. Moreover, some herbicides such as atrazine can disrupt the endocrine systems of fish, leading to feminization and decreased reproductive success.
- Personal care products: Personal care products, such as shampoos, soaps, and detergents, contain chemicals such as phthalates and Triclosan that can also contaminate the Great Lakes. While the concentrations of these chemicals are relatively low, they can still cause endocrine disruption in aquatic life and bioaccumulation in the food chain that leads up to humans.
The governments of Canada and the United States have taken various measures to reduce chemical pollution in the Great Lakes. For instance, they have imposed strict regulations for the disposal of industrial waste and the use of chemical fertilizers. However, more needs to be done to protect the water bodies and the people who depend on them.
Conclusion
Overall, while there is still chemical pollution in the Great Lakes, the situation has improved over the years. However, everyone who enjoys swimming and other activities in the Great Lakes must still be aware of the risk of chemical pollutants in the water and take precautions to protect themselves.
| Chemical | Source | Effect on aquatic life and humans |
|---|---|---|
| Mercury | Industrial activities such as mining and manufacturing | Neurological disorders, developmental delays, reproductive problems, and even death in high concentrations |
| PCBs | Industrial activities such as manufacturing and processing | Cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems in humans, and decreased reproductive success and immune deficiencies in aquatic life |
| Dioxin | Industrial activities such as paper manufacturing and waste incineration | Cancer, reproductive and developmental problems, and immune system disorders in humans, and reduced reproductive success and growth in aquatic life |
| Atrazine | Agricultural runoff | Endocrine disruption, feminization, and decreased reproductive success in fish |
Source: Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. “Chemical Pollution.” Accessed August 4, 2021. https://www.glri.us/action-plan-priorities/chemical-pollution
Great Lakes Algae Blooms
Algae blooms are a common occurrence in the Great Lakes during summer months. These blooms happen when warm water combines with nutrients, including phosphorous and nitrogen. The high nutrient levels are commonly caused by runoff from agricultural fields or sewage treatment plants, and climate change has also been a contributing factor in recent years.
These algae blooms can have harmful impacts on the health of humans and the environment. The algae can produce toxins that affect both humans and animals. In some cases, beaches may be closed due to high levels of toxins in the water.
Here are some facts about Great Lakes algae blooms:
- One of the most significant algae blooms occurred in 2014, covering an area of over 1,600 square miles in Lake Erie.
- In 2019, Lake Michigan experienced an outbreak of a harmful algae species called Cladophora, which led to the death of several thousand fish.
- Algae blooms can also harm the fishing industry by restricting oxygen flow in the water, leading to the death of fish in affected areas.
Efforts are being made to combat the issue of algae blooms in the Great Lakes. This includes reducing the amount of nutrients entering the lakes and improving water treatment procedures. It is essential that we continue to educate ourselves and take action to protect the health of our lakes and communities.
| Year | Lake | Size of Algae Bloom |
|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Lake Erie | 1,600 sq mi |
| 2015 | Lake Ontario | 1,100 sq mi |
| 2019 | Lake Michigan | ? |
The issue of algae blooms in the Great Lakes is a multifaceted problem that requires collaborative solutions. By working together, we can ensure that the lakes remain a valuable resource for generations to come.
Blue-green Algae in the Great Lakes
One of the main concerns that people have when considering swimming in the Great Lakes is the presence of blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria. This type of algae is a natural occurrence in freshwater lakes, but it can become harmful when it multiplies excessively due to high nutrient levels from various sources, such as fertilizer and human waste.
- Blue-green algae can produce toxins that can cause skin rashes, nausea, vomiting, and even liver and nerve damage if ingested or contacted in large amounts.
- The affected areas of the lakes may vary from season to season and may be influenced by weather and water conditions, making it challenging to predict where and when blooms may occur.
- Monitoring programs and advisories are in place to warn visitors of potential health risks, and it is advisable to avoid waters that have been affected by blue-green algae or have a visible scum layer.
However, it is also worth noting that blue-green algae is not always present in the Great Lakes and that not all blooms are harmful. The vast majority of the surface water in the lakes typically passes a safety check for microbial content, and visitors can safely enjoy designated beaches and recreational areas with proper precautions and awareness.
To minimize the risks of exposure to blue-green algae, it is recommended to:
- Avoid swimming or engaging in water activities in areas where the water has a greenish hue, a foul odor, or visible clumps.
- Rinse off after swimming or wading in any body of water.
- Avoid ingesting lake water, and discourage pets from drinking or swimming in affected areas.
- Follow local and state advisories and stay informed of any updates or changes.
- Take extra precautions for young children, individuals with weakened immune systems, and those with existing medical conditions.
Overall, understanding and acknowledging the risks of blue-green algae in the Great Lakes is key to ensuring a safe and enjoyable experience for all visitors. By staying informed, taking precautions, and practicing responsible behavior, we can minimize the impacts of harmful algal blooms and protect the health of our lakes and communities.
Climate change and the Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are the largest group of fresh water bodies in the world, covering an area of about 95,000 square miles. These lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, contain about 84% of North America’s surface freshwater and provide drinking water for over 40 million people. However, climate change has raised concerns about the quality of water in the Great Lakes.
- The rising temperatures: Climate change is causing the temperatures in the Great Lakes to rise, which is affecting the fish and the aquatic plants in the lakes. The aquatic life in the Great Lakes is sensitive to small changes in temperature, and these rising temperatures are affecting their population and distribution.
- The impact of extreme weather events: Climate change is causing extreme weather events like floods, droughts, and intense storms, which is affecting the quality of water in the Great Lakes. Heavy rainfall increases the amount of pollutants in the water, which affects the health of those who swim in the lakes.
- The increase in harmful algal blooms: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency and magnitude of harmful algal blooms, which is affecting the safety of the water in the Great Lakes. These algal blooms can produce toxins that are harmful to humans and animals.
Efforts are being made to address these issues. In 2014, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement was revised to address climate change impacts on the Great Lakes. The agreement aims to reduce nutrient pollution, control invasive species, and reduce algal blooms. Furthermore, the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI), led by the US Environmental Protection Agency, is a federal effort to restore and protect the Great Lakes. Since its launch in 2010, the GLRI has invested over $2.4 billion in more than 4,700 projects, focusing on issues like cleaning up toxic pollution and restoring the wetlands in the region.
| Climate Change Impact | Consequences |
|---|---|
| Higher temperatures | Changes in aquatic food webs, harmful algal blooms, and reduced fish populations |
| Increased precipitation and storm intensity | Increased erosion, flooding, and runoff of pollutants |
| Reduced ice cover | Changes in water levels, increased water evaporation, and reduced habitat for fish |
While there are concerns about the quality of water in the Great Lakes due to climate change, the efforts being made to restore and protect the lakes are encouraging. With continued investment in restoration projects and the implementation of policies to mitigate climate change, the Great Lakes can remain clean and safe for future generations.
Fish consumption advisories for the Great Lakes
Fish consumption advisories are recommendations given by state or health agencies about the amount and type of fish that can be safely consumed from specific water bodies. These advisories are usually issued when fish from a certain location have been found to contain high levels of contaminants such as mercury and PCBs, both of which can have negative effects on human health when consumed in large amounts. While fish consumption advisories do not necessarily mean that the Great Lakes are not safe for swimming in, they do highlight the potential health risks associated with consuming fish caught from these waters.
- There are fish consumption advisories for all five of the Great Lakes.
- The advisories vary depending on the location and type of fish, as well as the level of contamination in the fish.
- The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state health departments regularly monitor fish populations in the Great Lakes and issue advisories when necessary.
The following is a summary of the current fish consumption advisories for each of the Great Lakes:
| Lake | Contaminants | Advisory |
|---|---|---|
| Lake Superior | Mercury, PCBs | Do not eat lake trout over 25 inches long and eat no more than six meals per year of lake trout under 25 inches long, Chinook salmon, coho salmon, rainbow trout or brown trout from Lake Superior. Do not eat carp and do not more than one meal per week of walleye. |
| Lake Michigan | Mercury, PCBs | Avoid eating king salmon, coho salmon, Chinook salmon, burbot, and lake trout from Lake Michigan. Do not eat carp and do not more than one meal per week of walleye. |
| Lake Huron | Mercury, PCBs | Avoid eating lake trout over 24 inches long and do not eat more than one meal per month of smaller lake trout, chinook salmon, coho salmon, and brown trout from Lake Huron. Do not eat carp and do not more than one meal per week of walleye. |
| Lake Erie | Mercury, PCBs, PFAS | Do not eat walleye over 26 inches long, yellow perch over 12 inches long, and rainbow smelt from Lake Erie. Do not eat carp, white perch, white bass, and channel catfish and do not more than one meal per week of smallmouth bass and sunfish. |
| Lake Ontario | Mercury, PCBs | Avoid eating Chinook salmon, coho salmon, lake trout, and brown trout more than once a month from Lake Ontario. Do not eat carp and do not more than one meal per week of walleye. |
It’s important to note that while these advisories can be cause for concern, they are also intended to help people make informed decisions about the safety of consuming fish from the Great Lakes. Swimming and enjoying the beaches of the Great Lakes can still be a safe and enjoyable activity, as long as visitors are aware of any advisories in place and take appropriate precautions.
FAQs: Are the Great Lakes Clean to Swim In?
1. Are the Great Lakes safe for swimming?
Yes, the Great Lakes are generally safe for swimming. However, it’s important to keep in mind that water quality can vary based on location and weather conditions.
2. Are there any dangers to swimming in the Great Lakes?
Like any body of water, there are inherent risks involved in swimming in the Great Lakes. These can include strong currents, cold water temperatures, and the presence of bacteria or harmful algae blooms.
3. What measures are in place to ensure the safety of Great Lakes swimmers?
Local and state governments implement monitoring programs to keep track of water quality and to issue public advisories when necessary. It’s important to pay attention to these advisories and to follow any safety guidelines provided.
4. What should I do if I feel sick after swimming in the Great Lakes?
If you experience any symptoms such as rashes, headaches, or upset stomach after swimming in the Great Lakes, seek medical attention immediately and report the incident to local health officials.
5. Are there any areas of the Great Lakes that are particularly clean?
Lake Superior and Lake Huron generally have the cleanest water of all the Great Lakes, but all the lakes have areas of relatively clean water.
6. Will climate change impact the safety of swimming in the Great Lakes?
Climate change can cause changes in water temperature and precipitation patterns, which can impact water quality and increase the risk of harmful algae blooms. It’s important to stay informed about any changes that may affect the safety of swimming in the Great Lakes.
7. Can I help to keep the Great Lakes clean?
Yes! You can help by reducing your use of fertilizers and pesticides, properly disposing of trash and other waste, and using environmentally-friendly personal care products.
Closing Thoughts
Thanks for taking the time to learn more about the safety and cleanliness of the Great Lakes. Whether you’re a local resident or a tourist, swimming in the Great Lakes can be a fun and enjoyable experience. Remember, it’s important to stay informed about any potential risks and to follow any safety guidelines provided by local officials. Make sure to visit us again soon for more great content!